tac
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- Joined: 13/05/2005
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Re:cigarettes & alcohol
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27 December 2009 13:34
Its possible to be an elite athlete and have a coke habit - or be an alcoholic - and get away with it for a while. Look at George best - a truely great footballer despite his drinking (although of course, it got him in the end). But if a youngster who wished to be a pro footballer asked my advice, the sensible option would be 'dont drink, or if you do then do it in moderation'. And the effects of alcohol on hormone levels are very well established and researched, have been for years Alcohol has a generalised negative effect on hormone and endorcine function (10,14) Alcohol is directly toxic to the testes, causing reduced testosterone levels in men. In a study of normal healthy men who received alcohol for 4 weeks, testosterone levels declined after only 5 days and continued to fall throughout the study period (1). Prolonged testosterone deficiency may contribute to a "femininization" of male sexual characteristics, for example breast enlargement (2). Additionally alcohol even in moderate quantities has a deleterious effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary that effect sex-hormones (androgens) (3) Alcohol directly affects the thyroid, and can be a cause of hypothyroidism, as can nicotine (4) Alcohol can interfere with calcium and bone metabolism in several ways. Acute alcohol consumption can lead to a transient PTH deficiency and increased urinary calcium excretion, resulting in loss of calcium from the body (5). Chronic heavy drinking can disturb vitamin D metabolism, resulting in inadequate absorption of dietary calcium (6). Studies in alcoholics also have shown that alcohol is directly toxic to bone-forming cells and inhibits their activity (7,8). In addition, chronic heavy drinking can adversely affect bone metabolism indirectly, for example by contributing to nutritional deficiencies of calcium or vitamin D (9). Liver disease and altered levels of reproductive hormones, both of which can be caused by alcohol, also affect bone metabolism (9). It also has a significant (negative)effect on the hormone insulin and glucose metabolism (9, 11, 12, 13). The below is a VERY brief over-view of the literature. I could literally list rersearch for pages to back this up. (1) Gordon, G.C.; Altman, K.; Southren, A.L.; Rubin, E.; & Lieber, C.S. The effects of alcohol (ethanol) administration on sex hormone metabolism in normal men. New England Journal of Medicine 295:793-797, 1976. (2) Bannister, P., & Lowosky, M.S. Ethanol and hypogonadism. Alcohol and Alcoholism 22(3):213-217, 1987. (3) Bartke, A. Chronic disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis: Effects on sexual behavior and fertility. In: Zakhari, S., ed. Alcohol and the Endocrine System. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Monograph No. 23. NIH Pub. No. 93-3533. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1993, pp. 69-87. (4) Laitinen, K.; Lamberg-Allardt, C.; Tunninen, R.; Karonen, S.L.; Tahetla, R.; Ylikahri, R.; & Valimaki, M. Transient hypoparathyroidism during acute alcohol intoxication. New England Journal of Medicine 324(11):721-727, 1991. (5) Bjorneboe, A.-E.A.; Bjorneboe, A.; Johnsen, J.; Skylv, N.; Oftebro, H.; Gautvik,K.M.; Hoiseth, A.; Morland, J.; & Drevon, C.A. Calcium status and calcium-regulating hormones in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 12(2):229-232, 1988. (6) Jaouhari, J.; Schiele, F.; Pirollet, P.; Lecomte, E.; Paille, F.; & Artur, Y. Concentration and hydroxyapatite binding capacity of plasma osteocalcin in chronic alcoholic men: Effect of a three-week withdrawal therapy. Bone and Mineral 21(3):171-178, 1993. (7) Pepersack, T.; Fuss, M.; Otero, J.; Bergmann, P.; Valsamis, J.; & Corvilain, J. Longitudinal study of bone metabolism after ethanol withdrawal in alcoholic patients. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 7(4):383-387, 1992. (8) Bikle, D.D.; Stesin, A.; Halloran, B.; Steibach, L.; & Recker, R. Alcohol-induced bone disease: Relationship to age and parathyroid hormone levels. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 17(3)690-695, 1993.(9) Laitinen, K., & Valimaki, M. Bone and the "comforts of life." Annals of Medicine 25(4):413-425, 1993. (10) Gordon, G.G., & Lieber, C.S. Alcohol, hormones, and metabolism. In: Lieber, C.S., ed. Medical and Nutritional Complications of Alcoholism. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp., 1992. pp. 55-90. (11) Sneyd, J.G.T. Interactions of ethanol and carbohydrate metabolism. In: Crow, K.E., and Batt, R.D., eds. Human Metabolism of Alcohol, Vol. 3. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989. pp. 115-124. (12) Avogaro, A.; Beltramello, P.; Gnudi, L.; Maran, A.; Valerio, A.; Miola, M.; Marin, N.; Crepladi, C.; Confortin, L.; Costa, F.; MacDonald, I.; & Tiengo, A. Alcohol intake impairs glucose counterregulation during acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia in IDDM patients: Evidence for a critical role of free fatty acids. Diabetes 42(11):1626-1634, 1993. (13) Crane, M., & Sereny, G. Alcohol and diabetes. British Journal of Addiction 83(12):1357-1358, 1988. (14) Emanuele, M.A.; Halloran, M.M.; Uddin, S.; Tentler, J.J.; Emanuele, N.V.; Lawrence, A.M.; & Kelley, M.R. The effects of alcohol on the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. In: Zakhari, S., ed. Alcohol and the Endocrine System. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research Monograph No. 23. NIH Pub. No. 93-3533. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1993. pp. 89-116
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